Increased Precipitation and Flooding: Frequent heavy rain showers and continuously evolving precipitation patterns triggered dramatic increases in infiltration rates, pore-water pressure, and reduced effective stress in soils. All the aforementioned changes directly influence the strength and stability of the soil, i.e., soil liquefaction, seepage failures, landslides, increased soil erosion, and differential settlement.

Likewise, a decrease in precipitation has the potential to pose a significant challenge to modern civil infrastructure. Desertification results in drier soil, leaving it more vulnerable to cracking and shrinkage, which in turn decreases the stability of slopes and the foundation of any civil infrastructure built on such soil

Rising Sea Levels: Infrastructure built on or near the coastal belt is vulnerable to changes in sea levels. A significant rise in sea level heightened the risk of erosion, inundation, and saltwater intrusion into soils hence posing major risks to foundations and structures in the said area.

Temperature Fluctuations: Non-uniformity and variance in temperature with respect to prior data available may also lead to unexpectedly higher expansion or contraction of the soil. Thus, variable temperatures can inflict significant damage on any infrastructure.

Acid Rain: Acid rain has the potential to change the chemical nature of soil i.e., PH of soil. It also erodes surfaces and deteriorates the foundations of any structure.

Global Climate Models: Engineers can predict site-specific impacts of changing climatic conditions by downscaling global climate models to a local scale. These models are helpful in informed decisions during the designing of the infrastructure.

Resilient Infrastructure Design: Ensuring structural integrity and stability is the primary job of a geotechnical engineer. So, infrastructure projects should be revised to incorporate the results of thermo-hydro-mechanical analysis of soil in the dynamically changing climate of our planet to withstand changes in temperature and moisture content of the soil because of harsh climatic changes. This may be done by using more robust materials, deeper foundations, and improved drainage systems.

Nature-Based Solutions: Utilizing the power of nature is another aspect being explored by the professionals in the field. Collaborating with ecologists and other relevant departments for natural solutions like vegetation and planting trees on the slope can significantly decrease the chances of erosion and hence increase the stability of civil infrastructure. Moreover, the coastal area is naturally home to features that can protect the infrastructure along the coastal belt i.e., wetlands and mangroves can be helpful to stop the intrusion of salty water.

Soil Improvement Techniques: A variety of techniques are available to enhance the engineering properties of soil to make it more suitable for construction purposes. A diverse range of techniques exist to enhance the strength and stability of soil. Some commonly known techniques are namely, mechanical compaction (to increase the strength and density of soil), grouting (to strengthen soil by filling voids in soil), and installing drains (to remove excess water from the soil). In short, these techniques are helpful in mitigating the effects of climate change to a significant extent.

Sustainable Geo-Materials: The use of sustainable composites made by utilizing recycled or waste materials not only reduces greenhouse gas emissions but also helps to save natural resources. These composites are lighter in weight as compared to conventional materials like concrete and steel and can withstand high temperatures, UV radiation, and precipitation. Utilizing these materials brings two major improvements in the structure: seismic performance, and durability against dynamically changing climatic conditions.